BEGC 102 Solved Assignment/Study Material Free Download

BEGC 102 incorporates the study of classical European literature, including renowned works such as The Iliad by Homer, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Pot of Gold by Plautus, as well as writings by Horace and Ovid. These works have had a profound influence on Western literature and culture. BEGC 102 familiarizes students with the diverse literary forms that emerged in Europe. Through engaging in discussions and analyzing classical European culture, learners’ knowledge is enhanced.

BEGC 102 Course Details

Course Code: BEGC 102
Title of the Course:  European Classical Literature
No of Credits: 6

BEGC 102 Study Material Free Download Link

BEGC 102 Previous Year Question Papers

BEGC 102 Assignment Question Paper

BEGC 102 Solved Assignment

Section – A

1. Write short notes in about 100 words each: 2 × 5 = 10
(i) Iliad
(ii) Roman Comedy

Ans. (i) Iliad

The “Iliad” is an ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, dated to around the 8th century BCE. It is one of the oldest works of Western literature and a cornerstone of the Greek epic tradition. The poem is set during the Trojan War, a protracted conflict between the city of Troy and the Greek states, and focuses on the hero Achilles. The narrative begins with a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek forces, over the war prize Briseis.

This conflict sets off a series of events that culminate in Achilles’ withdrawal from battle, which significantly impacts the Greek’s efforts against Troy. The “Iliad” explores themes of heroism, the wrath of Achilles, the capriciousness of the gods, and the fleeting nature of human life. It is renowned for its vivid portrayal of warfare, its deep psychological insights into its characters, and its exploration of fate and glory. The epic’s influence on Western literature, philosophy, and art is profound, marking it as a pivotal work in the literary canon.

(ii) Roman Comedy

Roman comedy, which flourished during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, is best exemplified by the works of playwrights Plautus and Terence. Roman comedy drew heavily from Greek New Comedy, particularly the works of Menander, but it adapted these influences to reflect Roman culture and society. The comedies often featured stock characters such as the cunning slave, the braggart soldier, the young lover, and the strict father, all involved in complex plots typically revolving around themes of love, mistaken identity, and social satire. Plautus’ plays, known for their vigorous and farcical humor, often included musical elements and wordplay, making them immensely popular.

Terence’s comedies, on the other hand, were more refined and focused on character development and moral dilemmas, reflecting a more sophisticated audience. Roman comedy not only entertained but also provided a critical commentary on social norms and human behavior, influencing later Western comedic traditions, including the works of Shakespeare and Molière. The legacy of Roman comedy endures in its contribution to the development of the comedic genre and theatrical performance.

2. Reference to the Context in about 150 words each:
(i) “…Here, as Pentheus profanely spied on the sacred rituals,
Who saw him first? Who rushed on him first in maniacal frenzy?
And who first launched her thyrsus to savage her own dear son?
His mother Agave. ‘watch me, sisters,’ she shouted, ‘both of you!
Look at this huge wild boar there wandering over our meadow.”
(ii) “The family I have now protected for year…
He left behind a son, the one who lives here now,
And he’s as bad as dad and granddad were before,
And yet his only daughter daily worships me.”

Ans. (i) “…Here, as Pentheus profanely spied on the sacred rituals…”

This excerpt is from Euripides’ tragedy “The Bacchae,” a play that explores the themes of divine vengeance, the conflict between rationality and irrationality, and the nature of religious ecstasy. In this passage, Pentheus, the king of Thebes, meets his doom for denying the divinity of Dionysus and attempting to suppress his worship. Pentheus secretly watches the frenzied rites of the Bacchae, the female followers of Dionysus, only to be discovered.

The first to see him and attack him is his own mother, Agave, who, in her Dionysian madness, mistakes him for a wild animal. This tragic moment highlights the destructive power of the gods and the fragility of human reason. Agave’s killing of Pentheus in her delusion underscores the play’s themes of the devastating consequences of hubris and the inescapable power of the divine. The passage is a poignant reminder of the limits of human control and the often-terrifying nature of the divine forces.

(ii) “The family I have now protected for year…”

This passage is from the Roman comedy “The Pot of Gold” (Latin: “Aulularia”) by Plautus. The speaker is the household deity, or Lar Familiaris, who has been protecting the family for many years. The deity describes the lineage of the family, noting that despite his protection, the male members have been consistently miserly and morally dubious, while the female, the daughter, remains devout and faithful. This contrast between the good and the bad within the same family reflects the comedic exploration of human nature and social norms typical of Plautus’ work.

The household deity’s lament highlights the theme of piety versus avarice and the idea that divine favor is influenced by the moral behavior of individuals. It also sets the stage for the comedic action that revolves around the pot of gold, which represents both the source of the family’s trouble and the potential for resolution, emphasizing Plautus’ use of irony and moral lessons wrapped in humor.

Section B

Answer the following in about 350 words each:

1. Do you agree with Plato’s criticism that the Iliad offers no morals? Give a detailed answer.

Ans. Plato’s criticism of Homer’s “Iliad” in his works, particularly in “The Republic,” revolves around his belief that the poem does not offer constructive moral lessons for its readers. According to Plato, the portrayal of the gods and heroes in the “Iliad” sets a poor example, as the characters often display traits such as deceit, anger, and vengeance. However, this criticism can be challenged on several grounds.

First, while the “Iliad” does depict acts of violence and the capricious nature of the gods, it also explores profound themes that can impart significant moral lessons. The epic delves into the human condition, examining themes like honor, bravery, and the consequences of pride. Achilles’ journey, for instance, highlights the destructive nature of unchecked anger and pride. His wrath leads to personal suffering and the death of his friend Patroclus, underscoring the devastating impact of excessive emotions.

Additionally, the “Iliad” offers insights into the concept of heroism. Heroes like Hector and Achilles are not just warriors; they are complex characters who face moral dilemmas and consequences for their actions. Hector, for example, fights not just for glory but for his family and city, embodying values of duty and loyalty. His tragic end serves as a poignant reminder of the harsh realities of war and the inevitable fate that awaits even the noblest of warriors.

The “Iliad” also reflects on the transient nature of life and glory. Through its portrayal of the fleeting nature of human achievements, it prompts readers to ponder the meaning and value of life. The epic’s lamentations and reflections on mortality, particularly in the scenes where characters mourn their fallen comrades, add a layer of philosophical contemplation to the narrative.

Moreover, the interactions between humans and gods in the “Iliad” offer a nuanced exploration of fate and free will. Characters struggle with their destinies and make choices within the constraints imposed by the divine. This interplay raises questions about human agency and the extent to which individuals can shape their own destinies, prompting readers to reflect on their own lives and decisions.

While Plato’s concerns about the negative influence of certain aspects of the “Iliad” are understandable, dismissing the epic as offering no morals overlooks its rich, multifaceted nature. The “Iliad” provides valuable lessons through its exploration of complex characters, moral dilemmas, and philosophical themes. It invites readers to engage with the narrative on a deeper level, drawing their own interpretations and insights from the text.

while the “Iliad” may not offer straightforward moral lessons, it presents a rich tapestry of human experience that encourages reflection on key aspects of life, morality, and the human condition. Therefore, it is reductive to agree wholly with Plato’s criticism without recognizing the epic’s broader contributions to moral and philosophical discourse.

2. Examine Oedipus Rex as a Greek Tragedy.

Ans. “Oedipus Rex,” written by Sophocles, is often regarded as one of the quintessential Greek tragedies. The play exemplifies the key characteristics of Greek tragedy as outlined by Aristotle in his work “Poetics,” including elements such as hamartia (tragic flaw), anagnorisis (recognition), peripeteia (reversal of fortune), and catharsis (emotional purgation).

The central figure of the play, Oedipus, is a classic tragic hero. He is noble and well-intentioned, yet his tragic flaw—hubris, or excessive pride—leads to his downfall. Oedipus’ determination to uncover the truth about his origins and the murder of King Laius, despite numerous warnings, showcases his tragic flaw. This relentless pursuit of knowledge ultimately reveals that he has unwittingly killed his father and married his mother, fulfilling the very prophecy he sought to avoid.

The play’s structure adheres closely to Aristotle’s concept of an ideal tragedy. The peripeteia in “Oedipus Rex” occurs when the messenger from Corinth informs Oedipus that Polybus, whom Oedipus believed to be his father, is dead, leading to the revelation that Oedipus is actually Laius’s son. This reversal of fortune shifts Oedipus from a position of power and respect to one of shame and despair.

Anagnorisis, or the moment of recognition, is pivotal in “Oedipus Rex.” This occurs when Oedipus realizes the truth of his parentage and the crimes he has committed. The process of discovery is gradual, with mounting evidence leading to the final, devastating realization. This moment of recognition is both the climax and the turning point of the play, as it transforms Oedipus from ignorance to knowledge, though the knowledge brings immense suffering.

Catharsis, the emotional release experienced by the audience, is a key element of Greek tragedy and is powerfully evoked in “Oedipus Rex.” The audience witnesses the profound suffering and eventual downfall of a noble character, eliciting feelings of pity and fear. The catharsis occurs as the audience empathizes with Oedipus’s plight, reflecting on the themes of fate, human limitation, and the inevitability of suffering.

Furthermore, “Oedipus Rex” explores the theme of fate versus free will, a central concern in Greek tragedy. Oedipus’s fate is predetermined by the gods, and despite his and his parents’ attempts to alter it, the prophecy is fulfilled. This exploration raises questions about the power of the gods and the extent of human agency, resonating deeply with Greek audiences who believed in the influence of divine forces on human destiny.

The chorus in “Oedipus Rex” also plays a significant role, commenting on the action, reflecting the public’s reaction, and providing insights into the play’s moral and philosophical themes. The chorus serves as a bridge between the audience and the characters, enhancing the emotional and thematic impact of the tragedy.

“Oedipus Rex” embodies the essential elements of a Greek tragedy as outlined by Aristotle. Through its complex characters, exploration of fate and free will, and its ability to evoke catharsis, the play remains a powerful and enduring example of tragic drama. Its influence on the development of Western literature and drama is profound, cementing its status as a masterpiece of the tragic genre.

3. Would you agree that “The Pot of Gold” is a comedy? Discuss keeping in mind the dramatis personae of Lar Familiaris.

Ans. The dramatis personae of Lar Familiaris, the household god, adds a unique dimension to the comedy. At the beginning of the play, Lar Familiaris provides the audience with background information about the family he has been protecting for years. He explains how Euclio’s ancestors were also miserly and how he has decided to reveal the hidden gold to Euclio’s daughter, Phaedria, as a dowry, thus setting the plot in motion.

The character of Lar Familiaris is significant because it introduces a supernatural element that is both amusing and crucial to the development of the plot. The household god’s intervention highlights the irony and absurdity of human behavior, especially Euclio’s extreme avarice. Despite the god’s intention to use the gold for Phaedria’s benefit, Euclio’s paranoia and greed lead to numerous comedic situations, such as him suspecting everyone around him of trying to steal his treasure.

Plautus uses the character of Euclio to satirize greed and its effects on human relationships. Euclio’s interactions with other characters, such as his servant Staphyla and his neighbors, are marked by suspicion and absurdity, which generate humor. The play’s comedic appeal lies in the exaggerated portrayal of Euclio’s obsession and the ridiculous lengths he goes to protect his gold.

The subplot involving Phaedria and her lover, Lyconides, adds to the comedic elements. Their romantic entanglements and the eventual revelation of Phaedria’s pregnancy create a humorous contrast to Euclio’s miserly concerns. The resolution of the play, where the gold is used to secure Phaedria’s marriage to Lyconides, provides a satisfying and humorous conclusion, typical of Plautine comedy.

Furthermore, the use of stock characters, such as the cunning slave, the braggart soldier, and the young lovers, aligns “The Pot of Gold” with the conventions of Roman comedy. These characters, with their predictable yet amusing traits, contribute to the overall comedic atmosphere of the play.

“The Pot of Gold” is a comedy through and through, with its humorous plot, satirical characterizations, and the playful intervention of Lar Familiaris. Plautus effectively uses these elements to explore themes of greed, human folly, and social norms, providing both entertainment and a subtle critique of contemporary Roman society. The play’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to humorously depict the absurdity of human behavior, making it a classic example of Roman comedic theatre.

4. Discuss the relationship between Horace and his father basing your answer on “Satire 1:4”.

Ans. In “Satire 1:4,” Horace offers a heartfelt and respectful depiction of his relationship with his father, highlighting the significant influence his father had on his life and moral education. This satire provides a glimpse into Horace’s personal life and the values instilled in him by his father, emphasizing the deep bond and admiration he feels for him.

Horace begins by acknowledging the humble origins of his father, who was a freedman—a manumitted slave. Despite his low social standing, Horace’s father was dedicated to providing his son with the best possible education and upbringing. He sent Horace to Rome to study under the best teachers, ensuring that he received the same quality of education as the sons of the Roman elite. This decision demonstrates his father’s commitment to his son’s intellectual and moral development, prioritizing Horace’s future over his own financial comfort.

Throughout the satire, Horace emphasizes the moral lessons imparted by his father. He recalls how his father taught him to avoid vices such as greed, dishonesty, and ambition. These teachings were not delivered through strict admonishments but through gentle guidance and personal example. Horace’s father led by example, living a life of integrity and modesty, which profoundly shaped Horace’s character and outlook on life.

Horace’s admiration for his father is evident when he describes him as “pater optimus” (the best of fathers). This phrase encapsulates the deep respect and affection Horace holds for his father, recognizing him not only as a paternal figure but as a moral exemplar. The relationship between them is portrayed as one of mutual respect and understanding, with Horace valuing the wisdom and sacrifices of his father.

The satire also reflects on the broader societal implications of their relationship. In a society that often judged individuals based on their social status and lineage, Horace’s father defied conventions by ensuring his son received an education befitting a higher social class. This act challenged the rigid social hierarchies of Rome and demonstrated that virtue and wisdom were not confined to the elite.

Furthermore, Horace acknowledges that his father’s efforts allowed him to pursue a literary career and gain acceptance in the circles of Rome’s intellectual and social elite. His success as a poet and his association with influential patrons like Maecenas can be traced back to the foundational support and guidance provided by his father.

“Satire 1:4” presents a touching and respectful portrayal of the relationship between Horace and his father. Horace’s father emerges as a figure of integrity, wisdom, and selflessness, whose influence profoundly shaped Horace’s life and values. This satire not only highlights the personal bond between them but also underscores the importance of moral education and the potential for individuals to transcend social barriers through virtue and dedication.